VkTest/HelloTriangleApplication.cpp

#include "HelloTriangleApplication.h"

#include <QDebug>
#include <set>

VkResult CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance, const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT* pCreateInfo
                                      , const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator, VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT* pDebugMessenger) {
    auto func = reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT>(vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT"));
    if (func != nullptr) {
        return func(instance, pCreateInfo, pAllocator, pDebugMessenger);
    } else {
        return VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT;
    }
}

void DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance, VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger, const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator) {
    auto func = reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT>(vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT"));
    if (func != nullptr) {
        func(instance, debugMessenger, pAllocator);
    }
}

std::vector<char> HelloTriangleApplication::readFile(const std::string& filename) {
    std::ifstream file(filename, std::ios::ate | std::ios::binary);

    if (!file.is_open()) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to open file!");
    }

    size_t fileSize = static_cast<size_t>(file.tellg());
    std::vector<char> buffer(fileSize);
    file.seekg(0);
    file.read(buffer.data(), static_cast<std::streamsize>(fileSize));

    file.close();

    return buffer;
}

HelloTriangleApplication::HelloTriangleApplication()
{

}

void HelloTriangleApplication::run()
{
    initWindow();
    initVulkan();
    mainLoop();
    cleanup();
}

void HelloTriangleApplication::initWindow()
{
    glfwInit();

    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CLIENT_API, GLFW_NO_API);

    _window = glfwCreateWindow(WIDTH, HEIGHT, "Vulkan", nullptr, nullptr);
    glfwSetWindowUserPointer(_window, this);
    glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(_window, framebufferResizeCallback);
}

void HelloTriangleApplication::framebufferResizeCallback(GLFWwindow* window, int /*width*/, int /*height*/) {
    auto app = reinterpret_cast<HelloTriangleApplication*>(glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window));
    app->framebufferResized = true;
}



void HelloTriangleApplication::initVulkan()
{
//    if (enableValidationLayers && !checkValidationLayerSupport()) {
//        throw std::runtime_error("validation layers requested, but not available!");
//    }

    createInstance();
    setupDebugMessenger();
    createSurface();
    pickPhysicalDevice();
    createLogicalDevice();
    createSwapChain();
    createImageViews();
    createRenderPass();
    createDescriptorSetLayout();
    createGraphicsPipeline();
    createFramebuffers();
    createCommandPool();
    createVertexBuffer();
    createIndexBuffer();
    createUniformBuffers();
    createDescriptorPool();
    createDescriptorSets();
    createCommandBuffer();
    createSyncObjects();
}

void HelloTriangleApplication::createInstance()
{
    VkApplicationInfo appInfo{};
    appInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO;
    appInfo.pApplicationName = "Vulkan App";
    appInfo.applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
    appInfo.pEngineName = "No Engine";
    appInfo.engineVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
    appInfo.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_0;

    VkInstanceCreateInfo createInfo{};
    createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;
    createInfo.pApplicationInfo = &appInfo;

    auto extensions = getRequiredExtensions();
    createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(extensions.size());
    createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = extensions.data();

    VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT debugCreateInfo{};
    if (enableValidationLayers) {
        createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
        createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();

        populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(debugCreateInfo);
        createInfo.pNext = reinterpret_cast<VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT*>(&debugCreateInfo);
    } else {
        createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;

        createInfo.pNext = nullptr;
    }

//    VkResult result = vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, nullptr, &_instance);
    if (vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, nullptr, &_instance) != VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to create instance!");
    }

}

void HelloTriangleApplication::setupDebugMessenger() {
    if (!enableValidationLayers)
    {
        return;
    }

    VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT createInfo{};
    populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(createInfo);

    if (CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(_instance, &createInfo, nullptr, &_debugMessenger) != VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to set up debug messenger!");
    }
}

bool HelloTriangleApplication::checkValidationLayerSupport()
{
    uint32_t layerCount;
    vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, nullptr);

    std::vector<VkLayerProperties> availableLayers(layerCount);
    vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, availableLayers.data());

    for (const char* layerName : validationLayers) {
        bool layerFound = false;

        for (const auto& layerProperties : availableLayers) {
            if (strcmp(layerName, layerProperties.layerName) == 0) {
                layerFound = true;
                break;
            }
        }

        if (!layerFound) {
            return false;
        }
    }

    return true;
}

std::vector<const char*> HelloTriangleApplication::getRequiredExtensions()
{
    uint32_t glfwExtensionCount = 0;
    const char** glfwExtensions;
    glfwExtensions = glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&glfwExtensionCount);

    std::vector<const char*> extensions(glfwExtensions, glfwExtensions + glfwExtensionCount);

    if (enableValidationLayers) {
        extensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME);
    }

    return extensions;
}

void HelloTriangleApplication::populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT& createInfo) {
    createInfo = {};
    createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSENGER_CREATE_INFO_EXT;
    createInfo.messageSeverity = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_VERBOSE_BIT_EXT |
            VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT |
            VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT;
    createInfo.messageType = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_GENERAL_BIT_EXT |
            VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_VALIDATION_BIT_EXT |
            VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_PERFORMANCE_BIT_EXT;
    createInfo.pfnUserCallback = debugCallback;
    createInfo.pUserData = nullptr; // Optional
}

void HelloTriangleApplication::createSurface()
{
    if (glfwCreateWindowSurface(_instance, _window, nullptr, &_surface) != VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to create window surface!");
    }
}

void HelloTriangleApplication::pickPhysicalDevice() {
    _physicalDevice = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

    uint32_t deviceCount = 0;
    vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(_instance, &deviceCount, nullptr);
    if (deviceCount == 0) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to find GPUs with Vulkan support!");
    }

    std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> devices(deviceCount);
    vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(_instance, &deviceCount, devices.data());

    for (const auto& device : devices) {
        if (isDeviceSuitable(device)) {
            _physicalDevice = device;
            break;
        }
    }

    if (_physicalDevice == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to find a suitable GPU!");
    }
}

bool HelloTriangleApplication::isDeviceSuitable(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
//    VkPhysicalDeviceProperties deviceProperties;
//    VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures deviceFeatures;
//    vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(device, &deviceProperties);
//    vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures(device, &deviceFeatures);

//    return deviceProperties.deviceType == VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_DISCRETE_GPU &&
//           deviceFeatures.geometryShader;

    QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(device);

    bool extensionsSupported = checkDeviceExtensionSupport(device);

    bool swapChainAdequate = false;
    if (extensionsSupported) {
        SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(device);
        swapChainAdequate = !swapChainSupport.formats.empty() && !swapChainSupport.presentModes.empty();
    }

    return indices.isComplete() && extensionsSupported && swapChainAdequate;
}

void HelloTriangleApplication::createLogicalDevice()
{
    QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(_physicalDevice);

    std::vector<VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo> queueCreateInfos;
    std::set<uint32_t> uniqueQueueFamilies = {indices.graphicsFamily.value(), indices.presentFamily.value()};

    float queuePriority = 1.0f;
    for (uint32_t queueFamily : uniqueQueueFamilies) {
        VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueCreateInfo{};
        queueCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;
        queueCreateInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamily;
        queueCreateInfo.queueCount = 1;
        queueCreateInfo.pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority;
        queueCreateInfos.push_back(queueCreateInfo);
    }

    VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures deviceFeatures{};

    VkDeviceCreateInfo createInfo{};
    createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO;

    createInfo.queueCreateInfoCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(queueCreateInfos.size());
    createInfo.pQueueCreateInfos = queueCreateInfos.data();

    createInfo.pEnabledFeatures = &deviceFeatures;

    createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(deviceExtensions.size());
    createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = deviceExtensions.data();

    if (enableValidationLayers) {
        createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
        createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();
    } else {
        createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
    }

    if (vkCreateDevice(_physicalDevice, &createInfo, nullptr, &_device) != VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to create logical device!");
    }

    vkGetDeviceQueue(_device, indices.graphicsFamily.value(), 0, &_graphicsQueue);
    vkGetDeviceQueue(_device, indices.presentFamily.value(), 0, &_presentQueue);
}

QueueFamilyIndices HelloTriangleApplication::findQueueFamilies(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
    QueueFamilyIndices indices;

    uint32_t queueFamilyCount = 0;
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount, nullptr);

    std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties> queueFamilies(queueFamilyCount);
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount, queueFamilies.data());

    uint32_t i = 0;
    for (const auto& queueFamily : queueFamilies) {
        if (queueFamily.queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT) {
            indices.graphicsFamily = i;
        }

        VkBool32 presentSupport = false;
        vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(device, i, _surface, &presentSupport);

        if (presentSupport) {
            indices.presentFamily = i;
        }

        if (indices.isComplete()) {
            break;
        }

        i++;
    }

    return indices;
}

void HelloTriangleApplication::createSwapChain() {
    SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(_physicalDevice);

    VkSurfaceFormatKHR surfaceFormat = chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(swapChainSupport.formats);
    VkPresentModeKHR presentMode = chooseSwapPresentMode(swapChainSupport.presentModes);
    VkExtent2D extent = chooseSwapExtent(swapChainSupport.capabilities);

    uint32_t imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.minImageCount + 1;
    if (swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount > 0 && imageCount > swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount) {
        imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount;
    }

    VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR createInfo{};
    createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR;
    createInfo.surface = _surface;
    createInfo.minImageCount = imageCount;
    createInfo.imageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
    createInfo.imageColorSpace = surfaceFormat.colorSpace;
    createInfo.imageExtent = extent;
    createInfo.imageArrayLayers = 1;
    createInfo.imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT;

    QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(_physicalDevice);
    uint32_t queueFamilyIndices[] = {indices.graphicsFamily.value(), indices.presentFamily.value()};

    if (indices.graphicsFamily != indices.presentFamily) {
        createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_CONCURRENT;
        createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 2;
        createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = queueFamilyIndices;
    } else {
        createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
        createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 0; // Optional
        createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = nullptr; // Optional
    }

    createInfo.preTransform = swapChainSupport.capabilities.currentTransform;
    createInfo.compositeAlpha = VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR;
    createInfo.presentMode = presentMode;
    createInfo.clipped = VK_TRUE;

    createInfo.oldSwapchain = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

    if (vkCreateSwapchainKHR(_device, &createInfo, nullptr, &_swapChain) != VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to create swap chain!");
    }

    vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(_device, _swapChain, &imageCount, nullptr);
    _swapChainImages.resize(imageCount);
    vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(_device, _swapChain, &imageCount, _swapChainImages.data());

    _swapChainImageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
    _swapChainExtent = extent;
}

bool HelloTriangleApplication::checkDeviceExtensionSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
    uint32_t extensionCount;
    vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount, nullptr);

    std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> availableExtensions(extensionCount);
    vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount, availableExtensions.data());

    std::set<std::string> requiredExtensions(deviceExtensions.begin(), deviceExtensions.end());

    for (const auto& extension : availableExtensions) {
        requiredExtensions.erase(extension.extensionName);
    }

    return requiredExtensions.empty();
}

VkSurfaceFormatKHR HelloTriangleApplication::chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(const std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR>& availableFormats) {
    for (const auto& availableFormat : availableFormats) {
        if (availableFormat.format == VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SRGB && availableFormat.colorSpace == VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR) {
            return availableFormat;
        }
    }

    return availableFormats[0];
}

VkPresentModeKHR HelloTriangleApplication::chooseSwapPresentMode(const std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR>& availablePresentModes) {
    for (const auto& availablePresentMode : availablePresentModes) {
        if (availablePresentMode == VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR) {
            return availablePresentMode;
        }
    }

    return VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR;
}

VkExtent2D HelloTriangleApplication::chooseSwapExtent(const VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR& capabilities) {
    if (capabilities.currentExtent.width != std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) {
        return capabilities.currentExtent;
    } else {
        int width, height;
        glfwGetFramebufferSize(_window, &width, &height);

        VkExtent2D actualExtent = {
            static_cast<uint32_t>(width),
            static_cast<uint32_t>(height)
        };

        actualExtent.width = std::clamp(actualExtent.width, capabilities.minImageExtent.width, capabilities.maxImageExtent.width);
        actualExtent.height = std::clamp(actualExtent.height, capabilities.minImageExtent.height, capabilities.maxImageExtent.height);

        return actualExtent;
    }
}

SwapChainSupportDetails HelloTriangleApplication::querySwapChainSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
    SwapChainSupportDetails details;

    vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(device, _surface, &details.capabilities);

    uint32_t formatCount;
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, _surface, &formatCount, nullptr);

    if (formatCount != 0) {
        details.formats.resize(formatCount);
        vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, _surface, &formatCount, details.formats.data());
    }

    uint32_t presentModeCount;
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, _surface, &presentModeCount, nullptr);

    if (presentModeCount != 0) {
        details.presentModes.resize(presentModeCount);
        vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, _surface, &presentModeCount, details.presentModes.data());
    }

    return details;
}

void HelloTriangleApplication::createImageViews() {
    _swapChainImageViews.resize(_swapChainImages.size());
    for (size_t i = 0; i < _swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
        VkImageViewCreateInfo createInfo{};
        createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
        createInfo.image = _swapChainImages[i];
        createInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
        createInfo.format = _swapChainImageFormat;
        createInfo.components.r = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
        createInfo.components.g = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
        createInfo.components.b = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
        createInfo.components.a = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
        createInfo.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
        createInfo.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
        createInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
        createInfo.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
        createInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

        if (vkCreateImageView(_device, &createInfo, nullptr, &_swapChainImageViews[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create image views!");
        }
    }
}

void HelloTriangleApplication::createRenderPass() {
    VkAttachmentDescription colorAttachment{};
    colorAttachment.format = _swapChainImageFormat;
    colorAttachment.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
    colorAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
    colorAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
    colorAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
    colorAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
    colorAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
    colorAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;

    VkAttachmentReference colorAttachmentRef{};
    colorAttachmentRef.attachment = 0;
    colorAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

    VkSubpassDescription subpass{};
    subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
    subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1;
    subpass.pColorAttachments = &colorAttachmentRef;

    VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassInfo{};
    renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
    renderPassInfo.attachmentCount = 1;
    renderPassInfo.pAttachments = &colorAttachment;
    renderPassInfo.subpassCount = 1;
    renderPassInfo.pSubpasses = &subpass;

    VkSubpassDependency dependency{};
    dependency.srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
    dependency.dstSubpass = 0;
    dependency.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
    dependency.srcAccessMask = 0;
    dependency.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
    dependency.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;

    renderPassInfo.dependencyCount = 1;
    renderPassInfo.pDependencies = &dependency;

    if (vkCreateRenderPass(_device, &renderPassInfo, nullptr, &_renderPass) != VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to create render pass!");
    }
}

void HelloTriangleApplication::createDescriptorSetLayout() {
    VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding uboLayoutBinding{};
    uboLayoutBinding.binding = 0;
    uboLayoutBinding.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
    uboLayoutBinding.descriptorCount = 1;
    uboLayoutBinding.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;
    uboLayoutBinding.pImmutableSamplers = nullptr; // Optional

    VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo layoutInfo{};
    layoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
    layoutInfo.bindingCount = 1;
    layoutInfo.pBindings = &uboLayoutBinding;

    if (vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(_device, &layoutInfo, nullptr, &_descriptorSetLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to create descriptor set layout!");
    }
}

void HelloTriangleApplication::createGraphicsPipeline() {
    auto vertShaderCode = readFile("shaders/vert.spv");
    auto fragShaderCode = readFile("shaders/frag.spv");

    VkShaderModule vertShaderModule = createShaderModule(vertShaderCode);
    VkShaderModule fragShaderModule = createShaderModule(fragShaderCode);

    VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo vertShaderStageInfo{};
    vertShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
    vertShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;
    vertShaderStageInfo.module = vertShaderModule;
    vertShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";

    VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo fragShaderStageInfo{};
    fragShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
    fragShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
    fragShaderStageInfo.module = fragShaderModule;
    fragShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";

    VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo shaderStages[] = {vertShaderStageInfo, fragShaderStageInfo};

    VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputInfo{};
    vertexInputInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;

    auto bindingDescription = Vertex::getBindingDescription();
    auto attributeDescriptions = Vertex::getAttributeDescriptions();

    vertexInputInfo.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 1;
    vertexInputInfo.pVertexBindingDescriptions = &bindingDescription;
    vertexInputInfo.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attributeDescriptions.size());
    vertexInputInfo.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = attributeDescriptions.data();

    VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssembly{};
    inputAssembly.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    inputAssembly.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST;
    inputAssembly.primitiveRestartEnable = VK_FALSE;

    std::vector<VkDynamicState> dynamicStates = {
        VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_VIEWPORT,
        VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_SCISSOR
    };

    VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamicState{};
    dynamicState.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DYNAMIC_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    dynamicState.dynamicStateCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(dynamicStates.size());
    dynamicState.pDynamicStates = dynamicStates.data();

    VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState{};
    viewportState.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    viewportState.viewportCount = 1;
    viewportState.scissorCount = 1;

    VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizer{};
    rasterizer.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    rasterizer.depthClampEnable = VK_FALSE;
    rasterizer.rasterizerDiscardEnable = VK_FALSE;
    rasterizer.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL;
    rasterizer.lineWidth = 1.0f;
    rasterizer.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT;
    rasterizer.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_COUNTER_CLOCKWISE;
    rasterizer.depthBiasEnable = VK_FALSE;
    rasterizer.depthBiasConstantFactor = 0.0f; // Optional
    rasterizer.depthBiasClamp = 0.0f; // Optional
    rasterizer.depthBiasSlopeFactor = 0.0f; // Optional

    VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampling{};
    multisampling.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    multisampling.sampleShadingEnable = VK_FALSE;
    multisampling.rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
    multisampling.minSampleShading = 1.0f; // Optional
    multisampling.pSampleMask = nullptr; // Optional
    multisampling.alphaToCoverageEnable = VK_FALSE; // Optional
    multisampling.alphaToOneEnable = VK_FALSE; // Optional

    VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState colorBlendAttachment{};
    colorBlendAttachment.colorWriteMask = VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT;
    colorBlendAttachment.blendEnable = VK_FALSE;
    colorBlendAttachment.srcColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE; // Optional
    colorBlendAttachment.dstColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO; // Optional
    colorBlendAttachment.colorBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD; // Optional
    colorBlendAttachment.srcAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE; // Optional
    colorBlendAttachment.dstAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO; // Optional
    colorBlendAttachment.alphaBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD; // Optional

    VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlending{};
    colorBlending.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    colorBlending.logicOpEnable = VK_FALSE;
    colorBlending.logicOp = VK_LOGIC_OP_COPY; // Optional
    colorBlending.attachmentCount = 1;
    colorBlending.pAttachments = &colorBlendAttachment;
    colorBlending.blendConstants[0] = 0.0f; // Optional
    colorBlending.blendConstants[1] = 0.0f; // Optional
    colorBlending.blendConstants[2] = 0.0f; // Optional
    colorBlending.blendConstants[3] = 0.0f; // Optional

    VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutInfo{};
    pipelineLayoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
    pipelineLayoutInfo.setLayoutCount = 1;
    pipelineLayoutInfo.pSetLayouts = &_descriptorSetLayout;
    pipelineLayoutInfo.pushConstantRangeCount = 0; // Optional
    pipelineLayoutInfo.pPushConstantRanges = nullptr; // Optional

    if (vkCreatePipelineLayout(_device, &pipelineLayoutInfo, nullptr, &_pipelineLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to create pipeline layout!");
    }

    VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineInfo{};
    pipelineInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO;
    pipelineInfo.stageCount = 2;
    pipelineInfo.pStages = shaderStages;
    pipelineInfo.pVertexInputState = &vertexInputInfo;
    pipelineInfo.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssembly;
    pipelineInfo.pViewportState = &viewportState;
    pipelineInfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterizer;
    pipelineInfo.pMultisampleState = &multisampling;
    pipelineInfo.pDepthStencilState = nullptr; // Optional
    pipelineInfo.pColorBlendState = &colorBlending;
    pipelineInfo.pDynamicState = &dynamicState;
    pipelineInfo.layout = _pipelineLayout;
    pipelineInfo.renderPass = _renderPass;
    pipelineInfo.subpass = 0;
    pipelineInfo.basePipelineHandle = VK_NULL_HANDLE; // Optional
    pipelineInfo.basePipelineIndex = -1; // Optional

    if (vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(_device, VK_NULL_HANDLE, 1, &pipelineInfo, nullptr, &_graphicsPipeline) != VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to create graphics pipeline!");
    }

    vkDestroyShaderModule(_device, fragShaderModule, nullptr);
    vkDestroyShaderModule(_device, vertShaderModule, nullptr);
}

VkShaderModule HelloTriangleApplication::createShaderModule(const std::vector<char>& code)
{
    VkShaderModuleCreateInfo createInfo{};
    createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO;
    createInfo.codeSize = code.size();
    createInfo.pCode = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(code.data());

    VkShaderModule shaderModule;
    if (vkCreateShaderModule(_device, &createInfo, nullptr, &shaderModule) != VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to create shader module!");
    }

    return shaderModule;
}

void HelloTriangleApplication::createFramebuffers() {
    _swapChainFramebuffers.resize(_swapChainImageViews.size());

    for (size_t i = 0; i < _swapChainImageViews.size(); i++) {
        VkImageView attachments[] = {
            _swapChainImageViews[i]
        };

        VkFramebufferCreateInfo framebufferInfo{};
        framebufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
        framebufferInfo.renderPass = _renderPass;
        framebufferInfo.attachmentCount = 1;
        framebufferInfo.pAttachments = attachments;
        framebufferInfo.width = _swapChainExtent.width;
        framebufferInfo.height = _swapChainExtent.height;
        framebufferInfo.layers = 1;

        if (vkCreateFramebuffer(_device, &framebufferInfo, nullptr, &_swapChainFramebuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create framebuffer!");
        }
    }
}

void HelloTriangleApplication::createCommandPool() {
    QueueFamilyIndices queueFamilyIndices = findQueueFamilies(_physicalDevice);

    VkCommandPoolCreateInfo poolInfo{};
    poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
    poolInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER_BIT;
    poolInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamilyIndices.graphicsFamily.value();

    if (vkCreateCommandPool(_device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &_commandPool) != VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to create command pool!");
    }
}

void HelloTriangleApplication::createVertexBuffer()
{
    VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(vertices[0]) * vertices.size();

    VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
    VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;
    createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT
                 , stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

    void* data;
    vkMapMemory(_device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, bufferSize, 0, &data);
    memcpy(data, vertices.data(), reinterpret_cast<size_t>(bufferSize));
    vkUnmapMemory(_device, stagingBufferMemory);

    createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT
                 , _vertexBuffer, _vertexBufferMemory);

    copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, _vertexBuffer, bufferSize);

    vkDestroyBuffer(_device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);
    vkFreeMemory(_device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr);
}

void HelloTriangleApplication::createIndexBuffer() {
    VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(indices[0]) * indices.size();

    VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
    VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;
    createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT
                 , stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

    void* data;
    vkMapMemory(_device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, bufferSize, 0, &data);
    memcpy(data, indices.data(), reinterpret_cast<size_t>(bufferSize));
    vkUnmapMemory(_device, stagingBufferMemory);

    createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT
                 , _indexBuffer, _indexBufferMemory);

    copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, _indexBuffer, bufferSize);

    vkDestroyBuffer(_device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);
    vkFreeMemory(_device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr);
}

void HelloTriangleApplication::createBuffer(VkDeviceSize size, VkBufferUsageFlags usage, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties
                                            , VkBuffer& buffer, VkDeviceMemory& bufferMemory)
{
    VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo{};
    bufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
    bufferInfo.size = size;
    bufferInfo.usage = usage;
    bufferInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;

    if (vkCreateBuffer(_device, &bufferInfo, nullptr, &buffer) != VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to create vertex buffer!");
    }

    VkMemoryRequirements memRequirements;
    vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(_device, buffer, &memRequirements);

    VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
    allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
    allocInfo.allocationSize = memRequirements.size;
    allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, properties);

    if (vkAllocateMemory(_device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &bufferMemory) != VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate vertex buffer memory!");
    }

    vkBindBufferMemory(_device, buffer, bufferMemory, 0);
}

void HelloTriangleApplication::copyBuffer(VkBuffer srcBuffer, VkBuffer dstBuffer, VkDeviceSize size)
{
    VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
    allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
    allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
    allocInfo.commandPool = _commandPool;
    allocInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;

    VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer;
    vkAllocateCommandBuffers(_device, &allocInfo, &commandBuffer);

    VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo{};
    beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
    beginInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT;

    vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, &beginInfo);

    VkBufferCopy copyRegion{};
    copyRegion.srcOffset = 0; // Optional
    copyRegion.dstOffset = 0; // Optional
    copyRegion.size = size;
    vkCmdCopyBuffer(commandBuffer, srcBuffer, dstBuffer, 1, &copyRegion);

    vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffer);

    VkSubmitInfo submitInfo{};
    submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
    submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
    submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffer;

    vkQueueSubmit(_graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, VK_NULL_HANDLE);
    vkQueueWaitIdle(_graphicsQueue);

    vkFreeCommandBuffers(_device, _commandPool, 1, &commandBuffer);
}

uint32_t HelloTriangleApplication::findMemoryType(uint32_t typeFilter, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties) {
    VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memProperties;
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(_physicalDevice, &memProperties);

    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < memProperties.memoryTypeCount; i++) {
        if ((typeFilter & (1 << i)) && (memProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & properties) == properties) {
            return i;
        }
    }

    throw std::runtime_error("failed to find suitable memory type!");
}

void HelloTriangleApplication::createUniformBuffers() {
    VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(UniformBufferObject);

    _uniformBuffers.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
    _uniformBuffersMemory.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
    _uniformBuffersMapped.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

    for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
        createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT
                     , _uniformBuffers[i], _uniformBuffersMemory[i]);

        vkMapMemory(_device, _uniformBuffersMemory[i], 0, bufferSize, 0, &_uniformBuffersMapped[i]);
    }
}

void HelloTriangleApplication::createDescriptorPool() {
    VkDescriptorPoolSize poolSize{};
    poolSize.type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
    poolSize.descriptorCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

    VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo poolInfo{};
    poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
    poolInfo.poolSizeCount = 1;
    poolInfo.pPoolSizes = &poolSize;
    poolInfo.maxSets = static_cast<uint32_t>(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

    if (vkCreateDescriptorPool(_device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &_descriptorPool) != VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to create descriptor pool!");
    }
}

void HelloTriangleApplication::createDescriptorSets()
{
    std::vector<VkDescriptorSetLayout> layouts(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT, _descriptorSetLayout);
    VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
    allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_ALLOCATE_INFO;
    allocInfo.descriptorPool = _descriptorPool;
    allocInfo.descriptorSetCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
    allocInfo.pSetLayouts = layouts.data();

    descriptorSets.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
    if (vkAllocateDescriptorSets(_device, &allocInfo, descriptorSets.data()) != VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate descriptor sets!");
    }

    for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
        VkDescriptorBufferInfo bufferInfo{};
        bufferInfo.buffer = _uniformBuffers[i];
        bufferInfo.offset = 0;
        bufferInfo.range = sizeof(UniformBufferObject);

        VkWriteDescriptorSet descriptorWrite{};
        descriptorWrite.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET;
        descriptorWrite.dstSet = descriptorSets[i];
        descriptorWrite.dstBinding = 0;
        descriptorWrite.dstArrayElement = 0;
        descriptorWrite.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
        descriptorWrite.descriptorCount = 1;
        descriptorWrite.pBufferInfo = &bufferInfo;
        descriptorWrite.pImageInfo = nullptr; // Optional
        descriptorWrite.pTexelBufferView = nullptr; // Optional

        vkUpdateDescriptorSets(_device, 1, &descriptorWrite, 0, nullptr);
    }
}

void HelloTriangleApplication::createCommandBuffer() {
    _commandBuffers.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

    VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
    allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
    allocInfo.commandPool = _commandPool;
    allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
    allocInfo.commandBufferCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(_commandBuffers.size());

    if (vkAllocateCommandBuffers(_device, &allocInfo, _commandBuffers.data()) != VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate command buffers!");
    }
}

void HelloTriangleApplication::recordCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, uint32_t imageIndex) {
    VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo{};
    beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
    beginInfo.flags = 0; // Optional
    beginInfo.pInheritanceInfo = nullptr; // Optional

    if (vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, &beginInfo) != VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to begin recording command buffer!");
    }

    VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassInfo{};
    renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO;
    renderPassInfo.renderPass = _renderPass;
    renderPassInfo.framebuffer = _swapChainFramebuffers[imageIndex];
    renderPassInfo.renderArea.offset = {0, 0};
    renderPassInfo.renderArea.extent = _swapChainExtent;

    VkClearValue clearColor = {{{0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}}};
    renderPassInfo.clearValueCount = 1;
    renderPassInfo.pClearValues = &clearColor;

    vkCmdBeginRenderPass(commandBuffer, &renderPassInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);

    vkCmdBindPipeline(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, _graphicsPipeline);

    VkViewport viewport{};
    viewport.x = 0.0f;
    viewport.y = 0.0f;
    viewport.width = static_cast<float>(_swapChainExtent.width);
    viewport.height = static_cast<float>(_swapChainExtent.height);
    viewport.minDepth = 0.0f;
    viewport.maxDepth = 1.0f;
    vkCmdSetViewport(commandBuffer, 0, 1, &viewport);

    VkRect2D scissor{};
    scissor.offset = {0, 0};
    scissor.extent = _swapChainExtent;
    vkCmdSetScissor(commandBuffer, 0, 1, &scissor);

    VkBuffer vertexBuffers[] = {_vertexBuffer};
    VkDeviceSize offsets[] = {0};
    vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(commandBuffer, 0, 1, vertexBuffers, offsets);

    vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(commandBuffer, _indexBuffer, 0, VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT16);

    vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, _pipelineLayout, 0, 1, &descriptorSets[currentFrame], 0, nullptr);
    vkCmdDrawIndexed(commandBuffer, static_cast<uint32_t>(indices.size()), 1, 0, 0, 0);

    vkCmdDrawIndexed(commandBuffer, static_cast<uint32_t>(indices.size()), 1, 0, 0, 0);

    vkCmdEndRenderPass(commandBuffer);

    if (vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffer) != VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to record command buffer!");
    }
}

void HelloTriangleApplication::createSyncObjects() {
    _imageAvailableSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
    _renderFinishedSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
    _inFlightFences.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

    VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo{};
    semaphoreInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;

    VkFenceCreateInfo fenceInfo{};
    fenceInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO;
    fenceInfo.flags = VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT;

    for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++)
    {
        if (vkCreateSemaphore(_device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &_imageAvailableSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS ||
            vkCreateSemaphore(_device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &_renderFinishedSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS ||
            vkCreateFence(_device, &fenceInfo, nullptr, &_inFlightFences[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create synchronization objects for a frame!");
        }
    }
}



void HelloTriangleApplication::mainLoop()
{
    while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(_window)) {
        glfwPollEvents();
        drawFrame();
    }

    vkDeviceWaitIdle(_device);
}

void HelloTriangleApplication::drawFrame(){
    vkWaitForFences(_device, 1, &_inFlightFences[currentFrame], VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);

    uint32_t imageIndex;
    VkResult result = vkAcquireNextImageKHR(_device, _swapChain, UINT64_MAX, _imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame], VK_NULL_HANDLE, &imageIndex);

    if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR) {
        recreateSwapChain();
        return;
    } else if (result != VK_SUCCESS && result != VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to acquire swap chain image!");
    }

    updateUniformBuffer(currentFrame);

    vkResetFences(_device, 1, &_inFlightFences[currentFrame]);

    vkResetCommandBuffer(_commandBuffers[currentFrame], 0);

    recordCommandBuffer(_commandBuffers[currentFrame], imageIndex);

    VkSubmitInfo submitInfo{};
    submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;

    VkSemaphore waitSemaphores[] = {_imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame]};
    VkPipelineStageFlags waitStages[] = {VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT};
    submitInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
    submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = waitSemaphores;
    submitInfo.pWaitDstStageMask = waitStages;
    submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
    submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &_commandBuffers[currentFrame];
    VkSemaphore signalSemaphores[] = {_renderFinishedSemaphores[currentFrame]};
    submitInfo.signalSemaphoreCount = 1;
    submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

    if (vkQueueSubmit(_graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, _inFlightFences[currentFrame]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to submit draw command buffer!");
    }

    VkPresentInfoKHR presentInfo{};
    presentInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_INFO_KHR;

    presentInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
    presentInfo.pWaitSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

    VkSwapchainKHR swapChains[] = {_swapChain};
    presentInfo.swapchainCount = 1;
    presentInfo.pSwapchains = swapChains;
    presentInfo.pImageIndices = &imageIndex;

    presentInfo.pResults = nullptr; // Optional

    vkQueuePresentKHR(_presentQueue, &presentInfo);

    if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR || result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR || framebufferResized)
    {
        framebufferResized = false;
        recreateSwapChain();
    } else if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to present swap chain image!");
    }

    currentFrame = (currentFrame + 1) % MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
}

void HelloTriangleApplication::updateUniformBuffer(uint32_t currentImage) {
    static auto startTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();

    auto currentTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    float time = std::chrono::duration<float, std::chrono::seconds::period>(currentTime - startTime).count();

    UniformBufferObject ubo{};
    ubo.model = glm::rotate(glm::mat4(1.0f), time * glm::radians(90.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
    ubo.view = glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(2.0f, 2.0f, 2.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
    ubo.proj = glm::perspective(glm::radians(45.0f), _swapChainExtent.width / static_cast<float>(_swapChainExtent.height), 0.1f, 10.0f);
    ubo.proj[1][1] *= -1;

    memcpy(_uniformBuffersMapped[currentImage], &ubo, sizeof(ubo));
}

void HelloTriangleApplication::recreateSwapChain() {
    int width = 0, height = 0;
    glfwGetFramebufferSize(_window, &width, &height);
    while (width == 0 || height == 0) {
        glfwGetFramebufferSize(_window, &width, &height);
        glfwWaitEvents();
    }

    vkDeviceWaitIdle(_device);

    cleanupSwapChain();

    createSwapChain();
    createImageViews();
    createFramebuffers();
}



void HelloTriangleApplication::cleanupSwapChain() {
    for (auto framebuffer : _swapChainFramebuffers) {
        vkDestroyFramebuffer(_device, framebuffer, nullptr);
    }

    for (auto imageView : _swapChainImageViews) {
        vkDestroyImageView(_device, imageView, nullptr);
    }

    vkDestroySwapchainKHR(_device, _swapChain, nullptr);
}

void HelloTriangleApplication::cleanup()
{
    cleanupSwapChain();

    vkDestroyDescriptorPool(_device, _descriptorPool, nullptr);

    vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(_device, _descriptorSetLayout, nullptr);

    for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
        vkDestroyBuffer(_device, _uniformBuffers[i], nullptr);
        vkFreeMemory(_device, _uniformBuffersMemory[i], nullptr);
    }

    vkDestroyBuffer(_device, _indexBuffer, nullptr);
    vkFreeMemory(_device, _indexBufferMemory, nullptr);

    vkDestroyBuffer(_device, _vertexBuffer, nullptr);
    vkFreeMemory(_device, _vertexBufferMemory, nullptr);

    for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
        vkDestroySemaphore(_device, _renderFinishedSemaphores[i], nullptr);
        vkDestroySemaphore(_device, _imageAvailableSemaphores[i], nullptr);
        vkDestroyFence(_device, _inFlightFences[i], nullptr);
    }

    vkDestroyCommandPool(_device, _commandPool, nullptr);

    vkDestroyPipeline(_device, _graphicsPipeline, nullptr);
    vkDestroyPipelineLayout(_device, _pipelineLayout, nullptr);
    vkDestroyRenderPass(_device, _renderPass, nullptr);

    vkDestroyDevice(_device, nullptr);

    vkDestroySurfaceKHR(_instance, _surface, nullptr);

    if (enableValidationLayers) {
        DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(_instance, _debugMessenger, nullptr);
    }

    vkDestroyInstance(_instance, nullptr);

    glfwDestroyWindow(_window);

    glfwTerminate();
}